Core Particles
は・が・を・に・で・へ・と・も at a glance — what each one marks.
は — topic
"As for X…" Marks what the sentence is about — usually something already known or being contrasted.
が — subject / new info
Introduces something new, answers "which one?", marks a question-word subject, and marks the thing after 好き・上手・ある・いる.
を — direct object
The thing directly acted on by the verb.
に — point
Destination, a specific clock/calendar time, or where something exists (いる／ある).
で — place of action / means
Where an action happens, or the tool/method used.
へ — direction
Almost the same as destination に, but softer — about the direction, not the exact endpoint.
と／も — and, with / also
と links nouns ("and") or marks a companion ("with"). も replaces は or が to mean "too / also".
Example usage
母は 台所で 料理を 作っています。
My mother is cooking in the kitchen.
電車が 来ました。
The train has come.
New event just noticed → が
土曜日に 姉と 買い物に 行きます。
I'm going shopping with my older sister on Saturday.
この 電車は 大阪へ 行きます。
This train is bound for Osaka.
兄も サッカーが 好きです。
My older brother likes soccer too.
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